Each poem has a title that specifies a particular fixed pattern of tone, rhythm, number of syllables (or characters) per line and the number of lines. Certain fixed-rhythm forms (originally tunes of songs) characterize its poetry. Song poetry, called Ci (词/詞/cí), evolved from Tang poetry. Inventions included woodblock printing and movable-type printing, leading to the spread of literature and, thereafter, printed forms of information. So did technology, science, philosophy, mathematics, and engineering. Generally speaking, the Song is among the greatest in China’s history. As a result, the Song court retreated south of the Yangtze River.
During the Northern (960–1127), the dynasty controlled most of what is now Eastern China. The Southern (1127–1279 AD) refers to the period after the Song lost control of its northern half due to its defeat by the Jin (金/jīn, a country to the north of China).
The Song Dynasty (960-1279 AD), lasting more than 300 years, was divided into two distinct periods: Northern Song 北宋/bĕi sòng and Southern Song 南宋/. This chapter highlights the most culturally brilliant era in the later imperial Chinese history and covers the versatility of differing stroke patterns.
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